| "The Double Truth, Ruth." Spike Lee en de films van het Afro-Amerikaanse bewustzijn. (Philippe De Graeuwe) |
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Bibliografie
Bronnen
LEE, S. 25th Hour. Speelfilm, 2002.
LEE, S. Bamboozled. Speelfilm, 2000.
LEE, S. Clockers. Speelfilm, 1995.
LEE, S. Do the Right Thing. Speelfilm, 1989.
LEE, S. Jungle Fever. Speelfilm, 1991.
LEE, S. Malcolm X. Speelfilm, 1992.
LEE, S. Mo’ Better Blues. Speelfilm, 1990.
LEE, S. The Original Kings of Comedy. Speelfilm, 2000.
PUBLIC ENEMY. Fear of a Black Planet. Cd, 1990.
PUBLIC ENEMY. It takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back. Cd, 1988.
PUBLIC ENEMY. Yo Bum! Rush the Show. Cd, 1987.
Werken
Boeken
ALTMAN, R. Genre: the Musical: a Reader. Londen, 1981.
BALDWIN, J. The Devil finds Work: an essay. Londen, 1976.
BOESAK, A. Coming in out of the Wilderness: a comparative interpretation of the ethics of Martin Luther King Jr. Londen, 1975.
BOGLE, D. Primetime Blues: African Americans on network television. New York, 2002.
BOGLE, D. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks: an Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. New York, 1996.
BORDWELL, D. en THOMPSON, K. Film Art: an introduction. New York, 2004.
BRACEY, J. Black Nationalism in America. New York, 1970.
BRANCH, T. Pillar of fire: America in the King years 1963-65. New York, 1998.
BREITMAN, G. Malcolm X speaks: selected speeches and statements. New York, 1993.
BUTLER, J. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. Londen, 1993.
CARLISLE, R. The Roots of Black Nationalism. New York, 1975.
CARMICHAEL, S en HAMILTON,C. Black Power: de ideologie van de zwarte macht in de Verenigde Staten. Amsterdam, 1969.
CARMICHAEL, S. Stokely Speaks: black power back to Pan-Africanism. New York, 1975.
CLARK, B. The Negro Protest: James Baldwin, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King. Boston, 1963.
COLLINS, P. Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. Londen, 2004.
CONE, J. Martin & Malcolm and America: A Dream or A Nightmare. New York, 1993.
COOK, D. A History of Narrative Film. Londen, 2004.
CRIPPS, T. Black Film as Genre. Londen, 1979.
CRIPPS, T. Making Movies Black: the Hollywood Message Movie from World War II to the Civil Rights era. New York, 1993.
CRIPPS, T. Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900-1942. New York, 1977.
DE BOISERIE, L. The Autobiography of Malcolm X, verfilmd. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, afd. Germaanse filologie, 1994.
DIMITRIADIS, G. Performing identity/Performing culture: Hip hop as Text, Pedagogy, and Lived Practice. New York, 2001.
DINERSTEIN, J. Swinging the Machine: modernity, technology and African American culture between the World Wars. Massachusetts, 2003.
DU BOIS, The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America. New York, 1975.
DYER, R. White. Londen, 1997.
ELLISON, R. Shadow and Act. New York, 1972.
ERENS, P. The Jew in American Cinema. Indiana, 1984.
EURE en SPADY, Nation Conscious Rap: the Hip Hop Vision. Philadelphia, 1991.
FABRE, G en O’MEALLY, R. History and Memory in African-American Culture. Oxford, 1994.
FANON, F. en MARKMANN, C. Black Skin, White Masks. New York, 1972.
FANON, F. The Wretched of the Earth. New York, 1968.
FONER, E. America’s Black Past: A Reader in Afro-American History. New York, 1970.
FONER, W.E.B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Adresses, 1899-1963. 2dln. New York, 1970.
FRAZIER, E. The Negro in the United States. Chicago, 1951.
GEELEN, J. Blaxploitation: de boom van de Afro-Amerikaanse Film in de jaren ’70. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, afd. Communicatiewetenschappen, 2002.
GEORGE, N. The Death of Rhythm & Blues. New York, 1988.
GIRARD, Le bouc émissaire. Parijs, 1982.
HARDING, V. The other American Revolution. Los Angeles, 1981.
HOBSBAWM, E. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge, 1997.
HUTCHINSON, J. Cultural Portrayals of African-Americans: creating an ethnic racial identity. Westport, 1997.
JACOBS, R. Race, Media and the Crisis of Civil Society: From Watts to Rodney King. Cambridge, 2000.
JACQUES-GARVEY, A. en GARVEY, M. Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey or Africa for the Africans. Parijs, 1926.
KING, M. Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York, 1958.
KING, M. Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community? New York, 1963.
KING, M. Why We Can’t Wait. New York, 1963.
LADNER, J. The Death of White Sociology. New York, 1973.
LEAB, D. From Sambo to Superspade: the Black Experience in Motion Pictures. Boston, 1976.
LEE, S. en JONES, L. Do the Right Thing: a Spike Lee Joint, 1989.
LEWIS, D. Martin Luther King: A Critical Biography. New York, 1970.
LOGAN, R. The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson. New York, 1970.
LOTT, E. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York, 1993.
MAJOR, C. Black Slang: a dictionary of Afro-American to talk. New York, 1977.
MARABLE, M. Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990. Jackson, 1991.
MATTHEWS, B. Booker T. Washington: educator and inter-racial interpreter. Londen, 1949.
MEIER, A. The Making of Black America: essays in Negro life & history. New York, 1973.
MEIER, A., RUDWICK, E. en BRODERICK, F. Black Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century. 2dln. New York, 1985.
MYRDAL, G. en STERNER, R. An American dilemma: the Negro problem and Modern democracy. New York, 1962.
NASAW, D. Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements. New York, 1993.
NOBLE, P. The Negro in Films. Washington, 1970.
NULL, G. Black Hollywood: the Negro in Motion Pictures. New York, 1975.
PATTERSON, L. Black Films and Film-Makers: a comprehensive anthology from stereotype to superhero. New York, 1975.
REED, A. W.E.B. Du Bois and American political thought: Fabianism and the Color line. New York, 1997.
ROEDIGER, D. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. Londen, 1991.
ROGIN, M. Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. Berkeley, 1998.
ROGIN, M. Ronald Reagan, the Movie and other Episodes in Political Demonology. Los Angeles, 1987.
ROSE, H. The Black Ghetto: A Spatial Behavorial Perspective. New York, 1971.
ROSS, K. Black and White Media: Black Images in Popular Film and Television. Cornwall, 1996.
SCHICKEL, R. D.W. Griffith: An American Life. New York, 1984.
STRICKLAND, W. en GREENE, C. Malcolm X: make it plain. Los Angeles, 1994.
The History Cooperative // The Booker T. Washington Papers. 2000.
http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/
The Philadelphia Negro – WEB Du Bois. S.d.
http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/DuBois/pntoc.html
TOLBERT, E. The UNIA and Black Los Angeles: ideology and community in the African American Garvey movement. Los Angeles, 1980.
TOLLEBEEK, J. en VERSCHAFFEL, T. De vreugden van Houssaye. Apologie van de historische interesse. Amsterdam, 1992.
TOOP, D. Rap attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip-Hop. Londen, 1991.
VANHERLE, M. Rassenproblematiek in de Verenigde Staten en film als historiografie: Historische beeldvorming in Malcolm X (’92) en Mississippi Burning (’88). Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, afd. Geschiedenis, 1996.
VERNEY, K. African Americans and US popular culture (Introductions to History). Oxford, 2003.
WASHINGTON, B., DU BOIS, W. en JOHNSON, J. Three Negro Classics: Up from Slavery; The Souls of Black Folk; The autobiography of an ex-colored man. New York, 1965.
WHITE, J. Black leadership in America: from Booker T. Washington to Jesse Jackson (Studies in Modern History). Londen, 1990.
WILIAMS, J. Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965. New York, 1987.
WILLEKENS, N. De Cinema van Spike Lee. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, afd. Communicatiewetenschappen, 1994.
WILLIAMS, L. Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O.J. Simpson. Princeton, 2001.
WILSON, J. Negro Politics: The Search for Leadership. New York, 1960.
WOLFENSTEIN, V. The Victims of Democracy, Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. Londen, 1981.
MALCOLM X en HALEY, A. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York, 1977.
YANCY, G. What White Looks Like: African-American philosophers on the Whiteness question. Londen, 2004.
Artikels
BRISBANE, R. “His Excellency: The Provincial President of Africa”. Phylon, X (1949) 257-264.
BRISBANE, R. “Some New Light on the Garvey Movement”. The Journal of Negro History, XXXVI (1951) 53-62.
CALISTA, D. “Booker T. Washington: Another Look”. The Journal of Negro History, XXXXIX (1964) 240-255.
Campuskrant top-5, Filmwetenschap: methodologische onzuiverheid. 2003.
http://www.kuleuven.ac.be/ck/2003_04/06/ck15-06-topvijf.htm
CHALK, F. “Du Bois and Garvey confront Liberia: Two Incidents of the Coolidge Years”. Canadian Journal of African Studies, I (1967) 135-142.
CHRISTENSEN, J. “Spike Lee, Corporate Populist”. Critical Inquiry, XVII (1991) 582-595.
CONDIT, C. en LUCAITES, J.‘’Malcolm X and the Limits of the Rhetoric of Revolutionary Dissent”. Journal of Black Studies, XXIII (1993) 291-313.
CONTEE, C. “Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919”. The Journal of Negro History, LVII (1957) 13-28.
CRIPPS, T. “The Birth of a Race Company: An Early Stride Toward a Black Cinema”. The Journal of Negro History, LIX (1974) 28-37.
CRIPPS, T. “The Death of Rastus: Negroes in American films since 1945”. Phylon, XXVIII (1967) 267 -275.
CROWDUS en GEORGAKAS, “Thinking about the Power of Images: An Interview with Spike Lee”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 4-9.
CUMMINGS, M. “Historical setting for Booker T. Washington and the Rhetoric of Compromise, 1895”. Journal of Black Studies, VIII (1977) 75-82.
DAVIS, D. en DAVENPORT, C. “The Political and Social Relevancy of Malcolm X: the Stability of African American political attitudes”. The Journal of Politics, LIX (1997) 550-564.
DAVIS, Z. “’Beautiful-Ugly Blackface: An Esthetic Appreciation of Bamboozled”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 16-17.
DECKER, J. “The State of Rap: Time and Place in Hip Hop Nationalism”. Social Text, XXXIV (1993) 53-84.
DYSON, M. “X Marks the Plots: A Critical Reading of Malcolm’s Readers”. Social Text, XXXV (1993) 25-55.
ECHERUO, M. “Edward W. Blyden, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the ‘Color Complex’”. The Journal of Modern African Studies, XXX (1992) 669-684.
FINKLE, L. “The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II”. Journal of American history, LX (1973) 692-713.
FLYNN, J. “Booker T. Washington: Uncle Tom or Wooden Horse”. The Journal of Negro History, LIV (1969) 262-274.
FRIEDMAN, L. “Life “in the Lion’s Mouth”: Another look at Booker T. Washington”. The Journal of Negro History, LIX (1974) 337-351.
GALLAGHER, “Racist Ideology and Black Abnormality in the Birth of a Nation”. Phylon, XXXXIII (1982) 68-76.
GIBSON, D. “Strategies and Revisions of self-representation in Booker T. Washington’s Autobiographies”. American Quarterly, XXXXV (1993) 370-393.
GORDON, D. “Humor in African American Discourse: Speaking of Oppression”. Journal of Black Studies, XXIX (1998) 254-276.
GRAVES, J. “The Social Ideas of Marcus Garvey”. The Journal of Negro Education, XXXI (1962) 65-74.
GREEN, D. “W.E.B. Du Bois’Talented Tenth: A strategy for racial advancement”. The Journal of Negro Education, XXXXVI (1977) 358-366.
HARLAN, L. “Booker T. Washington and the White Man’s Burden”. The American Historical Review, LXXI (1966) 441-467.
HARPER, F. “The Influence of Malcolm X on Black Militancy”. Journal of Black Studies, I (1971) 387-402.
HENDERSON, E. “Black Nationalism and Rap Music”. Journal of Black Studies, XXVI (1996) 308-339.
HESLING, “Film, authenticiteit en het zichtbare verleden”. Cinemagie, XXIV (2000) 59-70.
HESLING, “Film en het postmoderne historische bewustzijn”. Onze Alma Mater, LIII (1999) 233-254.
HOLT, T. “The Political Uses of Alienation: W.E.B. Du Bois on Politics, Race and Culture, 1903-1940”. American Quarterly, XXXXII (1990) 301-323.
HORNE, G. “”Myth” and the Making of “Malcolm X”. The American Historical Review, LXXXXVIII (1993) 440-450.
HYATT, M. en SANDERS, C. “Film as a Medium to Study the Twentieth Century Afro-American Experience”. The Journal of Negro Education, LIII (1984) 161-172.
KLIMAN, B. “The Biscuit Eater: Racial Stereotypes, 1939-1972”. Phylon, XXXIX (1978) 87-96.
LANDAU, S. “Spike Lee’s Revolutionary Broadside”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 11-12.
LATTANY – HUNTER, K. “Why Buckwheat was shot”. Melus, Ethnic Images in Popular Genres and Media, XI (1984) 79 – 85.
LAUE, J. “A contemporary Revitalization Movement in American Race Relations: The ‘Black Muslims’. Social Forces, XXXXII (1964) 315-323.
LEAB, D. “ “All-Colored” – But Not Much Different: Films made for Negro Ghetto Audiences, 1913-1928”. Phylon, XXXVI (1975) 321-339.
LEE, M. “Du Bois the Novelist: White Influence, Black spirit, and the Quest of the Silver Fleece”. African American Review, XXXIII (1999) 389-400.
LEE, S. en GATES, H. “Generation X”. Transition, LVI (1992) 176-190.
LOTT, T. “A No-Theory Theory of Contemporary Black Cinema”. Black American Literature Forum, XXV (1991) 221-236.
LUBIANO, W. “But Compared to what?: Reading Realism, Representation, and Essentialism in School Daze, do the Right Thing, and the Spike Lee Discourse”. Black American Literature Forum, XXV (1991) 253-282.
LYNE, W. “No Accident: From Black Power to Black Box office”. African American Review, XXXIV (2000) 39-59.
MARABLE, W. “Booker T. Washington and African Nationalism”. Phylon, XXXV (1974) 398-406.
MCKELLY, J. “The Double Truth, Ruth: Do the Right Thing and the Culture of Ambiguity”. African American Review, XXXII (1998) 215-227.
MEIER, A. “Toward a reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington”. The Journal of Southern history, XXIII (1957) 220-227.
MEIER, A. en BRACEY, J. “The NAACP as a Reform Movement, 1909-1965; “To Reach the Conscience of America”. The Journal of Southern History, LIX (1993) 3-30.
MEYERS, A. “W.E.B. Du Bois and the Open Forum: Human relations in a “Difficult Industrial District”. The Journal of Negro History, LXXXIV (1999) 192-205.
MITCHELL, W. “Seeing “Do the Right Thing””. Critical Inquiry, III (1991) 596-608.
MITCHELL, W. “The Violence of Public Art: “Do the Right Thing””. Critical Inquiry, XVI (1990) 880-899.
NELSEN, A. en NELSEN, H. “The Prejudicial Film: Progress and Stalemate, 1915-1967”. Phylon, XXXI (1970) 142-147.
OLANIYAN, T. “”Uplift the Race!”: “Coming to America”, “Do the Right Thing”, and the Poetics and Politics of “Othering””. Cultural Critique, XXXIV (1996) 91-113.
PAINTER, N. “Malcolm X across the Genres”. The American Historical Review, LXXXXVIII (1993) 432-439.
PHILLIPS, M. “Sex with black men: how sweet it is”. Callaloo, XV (1992) 932 – 938.
PIEHL, C. “The White Use of Dr. Booker T. Washington: Rocky Mount, North Carolina, 1910”. The Journal of Negro History, LXX (1985) 82-88.
QUINN, M. “”Never Shoulda Been Let Out the Penitentiary”: Gangsta Rap and the Struggle over Racial Identity”. Cultural Critique, XXXIV (1996) 65-89.
RATH, R. “Echo and Narcissus: the Afrocentric pragmatism of W.E.B. Du Bois”. The Journal of American History, LXXXIV (1997) 461-495.
RECORD, W. “Sociological Theory, Intra-Racial Color Differentiation and the Garvey Movement”. The Journal of Negro Education, XXV (1956) 392-401.
REID, D.“The Black Action film: the End of the Patiently Enduring Black hero”. Film History, II (1988) 21-35.
ROGERS, B. “William E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, and Pan-Africa”. The Journal of Negro History, XXXX (1955) 154-165.
ROGIN, M. “”Democracy and Burnt Cork”: The End of Blackface, the Beginning of Civil Rights”. Representations, XXXXVI (1994) 1 – 34.
ROGIN, M. “Nowhere Left to Stand: The Burnt Cork Roots of Popular Culture”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 14-15.
ROSE, T. “”Fear of a Black Planet”: Rap Music and Black Cultural Politics in the 1990s”. The Journal of Negro Education, LX (1991) 276-290.
RUDWICK, E. “Booker T. Washington’s Relations with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People”. The Journal of Negro Education, XXIX (1960) 134-144.
RUDWICK, E. “DuBois versus Garvey: Race propagandists at war”. The Journal of Negro Education, XXVIII ( 1959) 421-429.
STEVENS, M. “Subject to Countermemory: Disavowal and Black Manhood in Spike Lee’s Malcolm X”, 298.Signs, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, XXVIII (2002) 278-301.
TATE, G. “Bamboozled: White Supremacy and a Black Way of Being Human”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 15-16.
The Talented Tenth by W.E.B. DuBois. S.d. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=174
The W.E.B. Du Bois Virtual University. 1995. http://members.tripod.com/~DuBois/conf98.html
THORNBROUGH, E. “Booker T. Washington as seen by his white contemporaries”. The Journal of Negro History, LIII (1968) 161-182.
VAN PEEBLES, M. en SUROWIECKI, J. “Making It”. Transition, LXXIX (1999) 176-192.
VAUGHN, S. “Ronald Reagan and the struggle for Black dignity in Cinema, 1937-1953”. The Journal of Negro History, LXXVII (1992) 1-16.
VELIKOVA, R. “W.E.B. Du Bois vs.‘’the Sons of the Fathers’’: A Reading of the Souls of Black Folk in the Context of American Nationalism”. African American Review, XXXIV (2000) 431-442.
WALDEN, D. “The Contemporary opposition to the political and educational ideas of Booker T. Washington”. The Journal of Negro History, XXXXV (1960) 103-115.
WHITE, A. “Post-Art Minstrelsy”. Cineaste, XVII (2001) 12-14.
WILSON, W. e.a.”Du Bois’ The Philadelphia Negro: 100 years later”. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, XI (1996) 78-84.
WINN, G. “Challenges and compromises in Spike Lee’s Malcolm X”, 454. Critical studies in media communication, XVIII (2001) 452-465.
Online – Archieven
JStor. The Scholarly Journal Archive.
http://www.jstor.org
IMDB. The Online Movie Database.
http://www.imdb.com
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