Referenties

INLEIDING

• PAYNE, J.M. ZOVATTO, D.G. CARILLO FLÓREZ, F. & ALLAMAND ZAVALA, A. (2002). Democracies in Development. Politics and Reform in Latin America. Washington D.C. IDB. pp. 1-341.

• LIJPHART, A. (1994). Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Studies of Twenty-Seven Democracies 1945-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-209.

Hoofdstuk II: LITERATUURSTUDIE

• DOUGLAS, W.R. (1971). The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. Londen: Yale University Press. pp. 1-203.

• GAINES, B. (1998). Where to Count Parties. Electoral Studies, 16(1), pp 49-58.

• GALLAGHER, M. (1991). Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems. Electoral Studies, 10(1), pp. 33-51.

• LIJPHART, A. (1985). The Field of Electoral Systems Research: A Critical Survey. Electoral Studies, 4(1), pp. 3-14.

• LIJPHART, A. (1994). Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Studies of Twenty-Seven Democracies 1945-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-209.

• MAINWARING, S. & SHUGART, M.S. (1997). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-493.

• MADDENS, B. (2004). Kiesstelsels. Leuven: Acco Uitgeverij. pp. 1-149.

• SARTORI, G. (1986). The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method? In Grofman, B. & Lijphart, A. (Red) Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences(pp. 43-68), New York: Agathon.

• SARTORI, G. (1976). Parties and Party Systems. A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-370.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

• TAAGEPERA, R. (1997). Effective numbers of parties for incomplete data. Electoral Studies, 16(2), pp. 145-151.

• TAAGEPERA, R. (1999). Supplementing the effective number of parties. Electoral Studies, 18(4), pp. 497-504.

Hoofdstuk III : ARGENTINIË

• CABRERA, E. (1996). Multiparty Politics in Argentina? Electoral Rules and Changing Patterns. Electoral Studies, 15(4), pp. 477-495.

• CABRERA, E. & MURILLO, M.V. (1994). The 1993 Argentine Elections. Electoral Studies, 13(2), pp. 150-156.

• CORRADI, J.E. (2003). Prelude to Disaster: Weak Reform, Competitive Politics in Argentina. In Wise, C. & Roett, R. (Red), Post-Stabilization Politics in Latin America (pp.105-133), The Brooking Institution.

• GALLAGHER, M. (1991). Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems. Electoral Studies, 10(1), pp. 33-51.

• JONES, M.P. (1999). Evaluating Argentina’s Presidential Democracy: 1983-1995. In Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M.S. (Red), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 259-299), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• LIJPHART, A. (1994). Electoral Systems and Party Systems. A Studies of Twenty-Seven Democracies 1945-1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1-209.

• MC GUIRE, J.W. (1995). Political Parties and Democracy in Argentina. In Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T.R. (Red), Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America (pp. 200-246), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• NEGRETTO, G.L. (2004). Argentina: Compromising a Qualified Plurality System. In Colomer J.M. (Red), Handbook of Electoral System Choice (pp.110-119), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

• SZUSTERMAN, C. (1996). The 1995 Argentine Elections. Electoral Studies,15(1), pp. 109-116.

• WILLIAMSON, E. (1992). The Pinguin History of Latin America. Londen: Penguin Books. pp. 59-84.

Hoofdstuk IV : BRAZILIË

• AMORIM NETO, O. (2002). The Puzzle of Party Discipline in Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 44(1), pp. 127-144.

• ANGLADE, C. (1987). The Brazilian Elections of November 1986. Electoral Studies, 6(2), pp. 164-169.

• BUSTANI, C . (2001). The 1998 Elections in Brazil. Electoral Studies,20(2), pp. 305-313.

• MAINWARING, S. (1991). Politicians, Parties and Electoral Systems. Brazil in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics, 24(1), pp. 21-43.

• MAINWARING, S. (1995). Brazil: Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy. In Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T.R. (Red), Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America. (pp. 354-398), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• MAINWARING, S. (1997). Mulipartism, Robust Federalism, and Presidentialism in Brazil. In Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M.S. (Red), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 160-198), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• NICOLAU, J..M. (2004a). The October 2002 elections in Brazil. Electoral Studies, 23(2), pp. 338-345.

• NICOLAU, J. M. (2004b). Brazil: Democratizing with Majority Runoff. In Colomer, J.M. (Red), Handbook of Electoral System Choice ( pp. 37-71), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

• SAMUELS, D. (2000). Concurrent Elections, Discordant Results: Presidentialism, Federalism and Governance in Brazil. Comparative Politics, 33(1), pp. 1-20.

• SAMUELS, D. (2001). Does money matter? Credible Commitments and Campaign Finance in New Democracies: Theory and Evidence from Brazil. Comparative Politics, 34(1), pp. 23-42.

• SHIDLO, G. (1990). The Brazilian Elections of 1989. Electoral Studies, 9(3), pp. 251-256.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

Hoofdstuk V : COLOMBIA

• ARCHER, R.P. & SHUGART, M.S. (1997). The Unrealized Potential of Presidential Dominance in Colombia. In Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M.S. (Red), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 110-159), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

•  

• CEPEDA ULLOA, F. (1987). The Colombian Elections of 1986. Electoral Studies, 6(1), pp. 74-79.

• CEPEDA ULLOA, F. & CARBÓ, E.P. (2003). The congressional and presidential elections in Colombia, 2002. Electoral Studies,22(4), pp. 765-807.

• COX, G.W. & SHUGART, M.S. (1995). In Absence of Vote Pooling: Nomination and Vote Allocation Errors in Colombia. Electoral Studies, 14(4), pp. 441-460.

• SHUGART, M.S. (1992). Leaders, Rank and File, and Constituents: Electoral Reform in Colombia and Venezuela. Electoral Studies, 11(1), pp. 21-45.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

Hoofdstuk VI : MEXICO

• BALINSKI, M. & RAMIREZ GONZALEZ, V. (1996). A Case Study of Electoral Manipulation: The Mexican Laws of 1989 and 1994. Electoral Studies, 15(2), pp. 203-217.

• BALINSKI, M. & RAMIREZ GONZALEZ, V. (1999). Mexico’s 1997 apportionment defies its electoral law. Electoral Studies, 18 (1) , pp. 117-147.

• CALVO, E. & ABAL MEDINA, J.M. (2002). Institutional gamblers: majoritarian representation, electoral uncertainty, and the coalition costs of Mexico’s hybrid electoral system. Electoral Studies, 21(3), pp. 453-471.

• CRAIG, A. & CORNELIUS, W. (1995). Houses Divided: Parties and Political Reform in Mexico. In Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T.R. (Red), Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America ( pp. 249-297), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• DIAZ-CAYEROS, A. & MAGALONI, B. (2004). Mexico: Designing Electoral Rules by a Dominant Party. In Colomer, J.M. (Red), Handbook of Electoral System Choice ( pp. 145-153), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

• KLESNER, J. (1997). The Mexican Midterm Congressional and Gubernational Elections of 1997: End of the Hegemonic Party System. Electoral Studies, 16(4), pp. 567-575.

• KLESNER, J. (2002). Presidential and congressional elections in Mexico, July 2000. Electoral Studies, 21(1), pp. 140-147.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

• WELDON, J. (1997). Political Sources of Presidenticialismo in Mexico. In Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M.S. (Red), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 225-258), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hoofdstuk VII : PERU

• CRABTREE, J. (1993). The Peruvian Congressional Elections of 1992. Electoral Studies, 12(3), pp. 264-267.

• KENNEY, C.D. (2003). The Death and Rebirth of a Party System, Peru 1978-2001. Comparative Political Studies, 36(10), pp. 1210-1239.

• LEVITSKY, S. & CAMERON, M. (2003. Democracy without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori’s Peru, Latin American Politics and Society, 45(3), pp. 1-33)

• MAINWARING, S. & SCULLY, T.R. (1995). Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America (pp. 1-578), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• SCHMIDT, G.D. (1996). Upset Fujimori's 1990 Victory in Peru. Electoral Rules, Contingencies, and Adaptive Strategies. Comparative Politics, 28(3), pp. 321-349.

• SCHMIDT, G.D. (2003). The 2001 presidential and congressional elections in Peru. Electoral Studies, 22(2), pp. 344-351.

Hoofdstuk VIII : VENEZUELA

• CANACHE, D. (2002). From Bullets to Ballots: The Emergence of Popular Support for Hugo Chávez. Latin American Politics and Society, 44 (1), pp. 69-90.

• COPPEDGE, M. (1993). Parties and Society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why Competition Matters. Comparative Politics, 25 (3), pp. 253-274.

• CRISP, B.F. (1997). Presidential Behavior in a System with Strong Parties: Venezuela 1958-1995. In Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M.S. (Red), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (pp. 160-198), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• CRISP, B.F. & LEVINE, D.H. & MOLINA, J.E. (2003). The Rise and Decline of COPEI in Venezuela. In Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T.R. (Red), Christian Democracy in Latin America. Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts (pp. 275-300), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• KORNBLITH, M. & LEVINE, D.H. (1995). The Life and Times of the Party System. In Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T.R. (Red), Building Democratic Institutions. Party Systems in Latin America ( pp. 37-71), Stanford: Stanford University Press.

• MARTINEZ VILLAFRANCA, A. (1989) The Venezuelan Elections of 1988. Electoral Studies, 8 (2), pp. 183-187.

• MOLINA, J. & PEREZ, C. (2004). Radical Change at the Ballot Box: Causes and Consequences of Electoral Behavior in Venezuela’s 2000 Elections. Latin American Politics and Society, 46 (1), pp. 103-134.

• SHUGART, M.S. (1992). Leaders, Rank and File, and Constituents: Electoral Reform in Colombia and Venezuela. Electoral Studies, 11 (1), pp. 21-45.

• SHUGART, M.S. & CAREY, J.M. (1992). Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-311.

Lijst van afkortingen [1]

• FPTP = First Past the Post

• M= District Magnitude

• Nc = Number of Candidates

• Ns = effective Number of parties based on assembly Seats

• Nv = effective Number of parties based on assembly Votes

[1] Om het overzicht enigszins te bewaren, staan de afkortingen van de verschillende partijen, per land gerangschikt, in de bijlage met verkiezingsresultaten.