II Wat vooraf ging…

[1] W. Martin, G. Tops, M. Schrama e.a., Van Dale Groot woordenboek Engels - Nederlands, Utrecht/Antwerpen, Van Dale Lexicografie, 1989, p. 306.

[5] C. Babbage, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, New York, Augustus Kelley, 1969, p. 128.

[8] P. Morrison and E. Morrison (eds.), Charles Babbage and his Calculating Engines, New York, Dover Publications, 1961, pp. 251-252.

[10] L. Day and I. McNeil, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology, New York/London, Routledge, 1996, p. 33.

[12] G. Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, New York, Dover Publications, 1951, p. 1.

[13] ibid., pp. 48-49.

III Aan de vooravond van het netwerktijdperk

[1] K. Zuse, "Some Remarks on the History of Computing in Germany", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 612.

[2] K. Zuse, Der Computer, mein Lebenswerk, München, Verlag Moderne Industrie, 1970, p. 34.

[3] F. Bauer, "Between Zuse and Rutishauser - The Early Development of Digital Computing in Central Europe" in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 507.

[4] ibid., p. 513.

[5] K. Zuse, "Some Remarks on the History of Computing in Germany", p. 612.

[6] F. Bauer, art.cit., p. 505.

[7] ibid., p. 514.

[8] K. Zuse, "Some Remarks on the History of Computing in Germany", p. 627.

[9] F. Bauer, art.cit., p. 514.

[10] D. Knuth and L. Pardo, "The Early Development of Programming Languages", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 203.

[15] S. Turing, Alan M. Turing, Cambridge, Heffer, 1959, p. 38.

[16] ibid.,p. 67.

[18] A. Turing, "On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" in: Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, XXXXII,1936, 3, pp. 230-256.

[19] D. Knuth and L. Pardo, "The Early Development of Programming Languages", …, pp. 201-202.

[20] B. Randell, "The COLOSSUS", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 53.

[21] ibid.

[22] I. Good, "Pioneering Work on Computers at Bletchley", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 33.

[23] ibid., p. 36.

[24] B. Randell, art.cit., p. 60.

[25] I. Good, art.cit., p. 37.

[26] B. Randell, loc.cit.

[27] ibid.

[28] D. Michie, "The Bletchley Machines", in: B. Randell (ed.), The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, New York / Berlijn, Springer-Verlag, 1973, pp. 327-328.

[29] B. Randell, art.cit., p. 77.

[30] ibid., p. 61.

[31] ibid., p. 63.

[32] ibid., p. 64.

[33] I. Good, art.cit., p. 41.

[34] B. Randell, art.cit., p. 65.

[35] ibid.

[36] ibid., p. 69.

[37] ibid. p. 71.

[38] I. Good, art.cit., p. 41.

[39] J. Wilkinson, "Turing's Work at the National Physical Laboratory and the Construction of Pilot ACE, DEUCE and ACE", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, pp. 101-102.

[40] P. Seale and M. McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Londen, Hamish Hamilton, 1973, p. 144.

[41] F. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, Londen, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974, p. 15.

[42] B. Randell, art.cit., p. 48.

[43] S. Turing, op.cit., p. 159.

[46] S. Ulam, "The Interaction of Mathematics ans Computing", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 93.

[51] G. Stibitz, "Early Computers", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 481.

[52] geciteerd in: H. Tropp, "The Smithsonian Computer History Project" in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 119.

[53] K. Fishman, The Computer Establishment, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1981, pp. 22-23.

[54] A. Burks, "From ENIAC to the stored-program computer", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 314.

[56] J. Mauchly, "The ENIAC", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 549.

[57] C. Sulzberger, The American Heritage Picture History of World War II, s.l., American Heritage Publishing, 1966, p. 291.

[58] J. Mauchly, art.cit., p. 544.

[59] S. Ulam, art.cit., p. 95.

[63] J. Mauchly, loc.cit.

[65] ibid.

[67] ibid., p. 545.

[74] A. Burks, loc.cit.; Het voorstel kreeg de titel "Report on an Electronic Diff.* Analyzer" met in voetnoot de uitleg dat Diff.* stond voor differential voor de analyzer en difference voor de elektronische machine.

[77] J. Eckert, "The ENIAC", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 526.

[78] ibid.

[80] J. Eckert, art.cit., p. 528.

[82] A. Burks, art.cit., p. 336.

[84] H. Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972, p. 182.

[85] S. Ulam, art.cit., p. 96.

[86] N. Metropolis, "The MANIAC", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 458.

[87] ibid.

[91] A. Burks, loc.cit.

[92] J. Eckert, art.cit., p. 531.

[93] A. Burks, art.cit., pp. 337-338.

[95] H. Goldstine, op.cit., p. 196.

[96] geciteerd in: J. Eckert, art.cit., p. 534.

[102] B. Randell, art.cit., p. 48.

[103] E. Tomash, "The Start of an ERA", in: N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and G.C. Rota (eds.), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, New York, Academic Press, 1980, p. 490. 1011 is de binaire weergave van 13.

IV De Koude Oorlog en het ARPA

[1] C. Alexander, Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1975, p. 46.

[2] ibid. p. 73.

[3] J. Killian, Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1977, p. 15.

[4] C. Alexander, op.cit., p. 106.

[5] ibid. p. 84.

[6] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 20.

[7] C. Alexander, op.cit., p. 118.

[8] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., p. 23.

[9] ibid.

[12] ibid., p. 36.

[16] ibid., p. 32.

[18] ibid., p. 33.

[21] ibid., pp. 84-85.

[22] ibid., p. 36.

[29] ibid., p. 39.

[31] ibid., p. 12.

[32] ibid., p 42.

[36] ibid., p. 56.

[41] ibid., p. 64.

[43] ibid., p. 65.

[44] ibid., p. 66.

[45] ibid., p. 67.

[46] L. Roberts, "The ARPANET and Computer Networks", in: A. Goldberg (ed.), A History of Personal Workstations, Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1988, p. 143.

[48] F. Heart, A. McKenzie, J. McQuillian e.o., ARPANET Completion Report, BBN Report 4799 ,Cambridge, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 1978, III-25.

[49] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., p. 72.

[50] ibid., p. 73.

[54] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., p. 77.

[57] ibid., p. 80.

[59] F. Heart, A. McKenzie, J. McQuillian e.o., op.cit., p. III-35.

[60] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., p. 84.

[61] ibid., p. 87.

[63] ibid., p. 100.

V De ontwikkeling van ARPAnet

[2] F. Heart, A. McKenzie, J. McQuillian e.o., ARPANET Completion Report, BBN report 4799, Cambridge, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 1978, III-67.

[3] ibid.

[4] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 144.

[6] ibid., p. 148.

[7 ] ibid., pp. 148-149.

[10] ibid., pp. 121-122.

[11] ibid., p. 124.

[16] ibid., p. 135.

[19] ibid., p. 152.

[21] F. Heart, A. McKenzie, J. McQuillian e.o., ARPANET Completion Report, BBN report 4799, Cambridge, Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 1978, III 46-48.

[23] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, pp. 171-172.

[24] ibid., p. 156.

[27] ibid., p. 174.

[30] ibid., p. 191.

[31] ibid.

[33] J. Licklider and A. Vezza, "Applications of Information Network", in: Proceedings of the IEEE, LXVI, 1978, 11, p. 44.

[35] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 193.

[36] ibid., p. 194.

[37] ibid., p. 197.

[40] ibid., p. 204.

[42] ibid., p. 171.

[44] ibid., p. 180.

[48] ibid., p. 220.

[49] ibid., p. 221.

[50] ibid., p. 222.

[54] geciteerd in: K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 223.

[56] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 225.

[61] cfr. Mansfield Amendement.

[62] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, op.cit., New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 232.

[63] ibid., p. 233.

[66] ibid., p. 235.

[68] ibid., p. 236.

VI De onafhankelijke netwerken

[1] D. Ritchie, The Development of the C Language, paper voorgesteld op de ACM Second History of Programming Languages conference, Cambridge, 1993, p. 1.

[2] ibid.

[3] ibid.

[7] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 242.

[10 ] S. Daniel, J. Ellis and T. Truscott, USENET – A General Access UNIX Network, Durham, Duke University, 1980, p. 1.

[14] S. Daniel, J. Ellis and T. Truscott, op.cit., p. 2.

[30] J. Guldentops, Internet en Geschiedenis, Leuven / Amersfoort, Acco, 1996, p. 28.

VII Internet

[3] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 246.

[5] ibid., p. 250.

[6] ibid.

[7] ibid., p. 249.

[11] ibid., p. 255.

[12] ibid, p. 245.

[13] ibid.

[16] ibid., p. 255.

[17] ibid., p. 256.

VIII Internet in de jaren '90

[2] K. Hafner and M. Lyon, Where Wizard Stay Up Late, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1996, p. 263.

[16] O. Hance, Business op Internet volgens de wet, s.l., Best of Editions, 1996, p. 54.

Deep Blue

[1] Het Nieuwsblad, 12/05/97, p. 8, k. 1-2.

[2] Het Laatste Nieuws, 13/05/97, p. 9, k. 4.